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John Hunter (29 August 1737 – 13 March 1821) was an officer of the Royal Navy, who succeeded Arthur Phillip as the second governor of New South Wales, Australia and served as such from 1795 to 1800.〔J. J. Auchmuty, '(Hunter, John (1737 - 1821) )', ''Australian Dictionary of Biography'', Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp 566-572. Retrieved 12 August 2009〕 Both a sailor and a scholar, he explored the Parramatta River as early as 1788, and was the first to surmise that Tasmania might be an island. As governor, he tried to combat serious abuses by the military in the face of powerful local interests led by John MacArthur. Hunter's name is commemorated in historic locations such as Hunter Valley and Hunter Street, Sydney. ==Family and early life== John Hunter was born in Leith, Scotland, the son of William Hunter, a captain in the merchant service, and Helen, ''née'' Drummond, daughter of J. Drummond and niece of George Drummond, several-time lord provost of Edinburgh.〔〔 As a boy Hunter was sent to live with an uncle in the town of Lynn in Norfolk, where, and also at Edinburgh, he received the classical education of the time. Hunter was sent to University of Edinburgh, but soon left it to join the navy as a captain's servant to Thomas Knackston in in May 1754.〔 In 1755 he was enrolled as able seaman on , became a midshipman and served on and then .〔 While aboard ''Neptune'' he was present at the Raid on Rochefort in 1757, and afterwards served during cruises off Brest in 1758 and the capture of Quebec in 1759.〔 Serving aboard ''Neptune'' at this time as her first lieutenant was John Jervis, who became an acquaintance of Hunter.〔 Hunter spent the rest of the war as midshipman on several of Admiral Philip Durell's flagships, serving aboard HMS ''Royal Anne'', and the 100-gun , the latter in the Bay of Biscay until the Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1763.〔 Hunter passed examinations and qualified for promotion to lieutenant in February 1760.〔 He was not, however, appointed lieutenant until 1780. Hunter remained active in the navy during the years of peace, going out to Newfoundland aboard the frigate and then serving as master's mate aboard during her time in North America in 1767 with the fleet under Commodore Samuel Hood. Hood gave Hunter an acting-order as master in 1768, and after passing his exams with Trinity House in 1769, Hunter had the order confirmed.〔 His first appointment was to the 28-gun for service in the West Indies. Hunter spent his time there making charts and plans of parts of the coast and of the Spanish fortifications at Havana, which he sent back to the Admiralty.〔 ''Carysfort'' was nearly lost after running aground on Martyr Reef in the Gulf of Florida in 1771, while being sailed by a pilot, but Hunter's exertions allowed her to be saved with the loss of her masts and guns.〔 Hunter served as master of in the East Indies between 1772 and 1775, after which he became master of . The ''Kent'' was at this time commanded by Captain John Jervis, Hunter's companion from HMS ''Neptune''. Jervis took Hunter with him to his next command, . Also serving aboard ''Foudroyant'' at this time was Evan Nepean, then the ship's purser, but later a leading civil servant and First Secretary to the Admiralty.〔 From ''Foudroyant'' Hunter was moved into in 1776, at the request of Admiral Lord Howe, who was then going out to North America as commander-in-chief of the fleet, with ''Eagle'' as his flagship.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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